Traditional RFID technology mainly uses a single-point structure and RFID protocol, and the most commonly used reading range is 3-8m. With the evolution of technology, RFID adopts a split architecture, the uplink sensitivity is improved, and the reading range is increased to within 20m under ideal conditions. The passive Internet of Things using 5G-A cellular technology uses the PIOT protocol, which increases the reading distance indoors by 10-24m and the outdoor long distance can reach 300-500m, which can realize multi-scenario networking.
Passive Internet of Things refers to the Internet of Things technology in which terminal devices do not need an external power supply or battery installation, and can complete communication by obtaining environmental energy supply. It has the advantages of low cost, easy deployment, and maintenance-free. At the same time, it supports flexible and changeable application scenarios, becoming the key to solving the terminal energy supply needs in a wider range and realizing the vision of "hundreds of billions of interconnection". In 2021, China Mobile took the lead in proposing the concept of "passive Internet of Things", realizing the leapfrog development of passive Internet of Things from traditional "single-point reading" to "network coverage", and divided passive Internet of Things into three stages: single-point passive Internet of Things 1.0, networked passive Internet of Things 2.0, and cellular passive Internet of Things 3.0. Among them, networked and cellular passive Internet of Things are collectively referred to as 5G-A passive Internet of Things.
The core feature of passive Internet of Things is that it is "passive" on the terminal side. The terminal has no external power supply or regular battery replacement. Instead, it obtains trace energy (such as radio frequency energy, light energy, etc.) from the surrounding environment through energy harvesting technology, and transmits and interacts data. It has the advantages of extremely low cost, extremely low power consumption, easy deployment and maintenance-free. It can provide rapid networking capabilities for massive dumb terminals and create a digital base for the Internet of Everything.
As the most typical single-point passive Internet of Things 1.0 technology, ultra-high frequency RFID technology has been widely used in retail, logistics, medical care, transportation, security and other fields in recent years. However, with the upgrading of application requirements, RFID has gradually exposed its "shortcomings" such as short communication distance and weak reading and writing capabilities.
Compared with RFID, on the terminal side, the new passive IoT technology optimizes the RFID protocol and changes the working frequency to the cellular mobile communication frequency band, so it is necessary to create a new passive tag based on a new chip and antenna; 5G-A passive IoT technology uses 5G base stations to replace traditional integrated RFID Readers and writers, and excites new passive tags based on the higher transmission power of 5G base stations, so that it can directly transmit the perception information back to the 5G network at a longer distance, which is convenient for large-scale networking and centralized scheduling, and greatly reduces the deployment cost of passive IoT systems.
5G-A passive IoT integrates passive technology with cellular networks. By designing new passive tags, air interface signals and protocol processes, it supports direct communication and relay communication between base stations and tags, and can cope with the networking and application requirements of larger ranges and more complex scenarios, and realize the deployment of more diversified scenarios such as accurate inventory, continuous coverage, and wide-area use.
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